At moments of escalating tension between United States and Iran, the international system often searches for stabilizing intermediaries. In the current phase of confrontation, Pakistan has re-emerged as one of the few actors capable of maintaining open channels with both
On March 25, 2026, an international conference dedicated to the 35th anniversary of Turkmenistan’s Independence and to the year 2026, proclaimed as the year of “Independent, Permanently Neutral Turkmenistan – Homeland of Purposeful Heavenly Horses,” was held at Hankuk University
The escalating tensions in the Middle East have once again exposed the fragility of regional order across Eurasia. As airspace closures, disrupted logistics networks and emergency evacuations reshaped mobility between Asia and Europe, Turkmenistan emerges as a rare anchor of
1. The Rise of the Digital Economy and the EU’s Digital Single Market StrategyThe expansion of the digital economy is a global trend. In particular, the spread of COVID-19 rapidly accelerated digital transformation across all sectors of society, with e-commerce
1. The Polar Regions at a Crossroads: Environmental Challenges and Geopolitical InterestsThe polar regions, comprising the Arctic and the Antarctic, are characterized by extreme climatic conditions, geographical remoteness, and ecological fragility. Despite these challenges, advances in science and technology and
The Rise of Cultural Content as StrategyThe global cultural content industry has undergone a profound transformation over the past few decades, evolving into one of the most dynamic and strategically significant sectors of the modern economy. No longer confined to
The United States is seeking to diversify its supply chain for critical minerals and reduce its dependence on China by establishing partnerships with Central Asian republics, though it anticipates various challenges. In particular, China’s restrictions on gallium and germanium exports
Introduction: Managing Risk in an Unstable Environment The contemporary international environment is characterized by the simultaneous coexistence of strategic calculation and impulsive, risk-acceptant behavior, generating heightened uncertainty across the global system. South Korea has not been immune to these dynamics,
Introduction: A Shifting Security Landscape Since 2022, the international security environment has undergone a structural transformation. The war in Ukraine revealed the depth of interdependence between European and Indo-Pacific security dynamics, accelerating a shift in how major multilateral institutions define
Introduction: From Contractor to Architect Central Asia’s contemporary geopolitical architecture is evolving beyond its historical characterization as merely an arena for great-power rivalry. While the systemic influences of China’s infrastructure-heavy Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Russia’s traditional security presence
