For years, Europe’s energy security debate focused on Russia’s ability to weaponise supply, pricing, and dependence. This debate is still valid, yet the war in Ukraine has added another dimension: energy is no longer only a source of leverage used
In a globalized world with ever-increasing economic interdependence, economic ties have rapidly become yet another tool for states to further their agendas. They have become a source of geopolitical leverage, with states increasingly using trade, investment and access to critical
The Seoul Institute of Global Affairs (SIGA) hosted the seminar “Korea–Europe Arctic Cooperation: Partnerships, Social Relevance, and Governance in a Changing Arctic” on June 30, 2026, at the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences in
Competing Regional Visions around the CaspianKazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan: East-West ConnectivityFor much of the post-Soviet period, an implicit assumption existed that Central Asian states, including the Caspian littoral states of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, could not export energy resources without transiting
Over the past decade, Azerbaijan has turned its geography into a serious strategic asset. Sitting at the crossroads of Asia, the Caspian and the South Caucasus, it has steadily built itself into the central transit point of the Trans-Caspian International
The political crisis of December 2024 and the subsequent inauguration of President Lee Jae-myung in June 2025 constitute an inflection point in the trajectory of the Republic of Korea’s foreign policy. Under the new administration, Seoul is recalibrating away from
Korea’s Arctic engagement has become increasingly visible in recent years. The passage of the Special Act on the Promotion of Arctic Shipping Routes and Related Industries in May 2026, together with the government’s plan to conduct a pilot container voyage
Introduction The rapid melting of Arctic sea ice caused by climate change is creating new possibilities for maritime transportation across the Arctic Ocean. Among the emerging routes, the Northern Sea Route (NSR), which runs along Russia’s Arctic coastline, has attracted
Recent statements by US Vice President JD Vance and US President Donald Trump regarding the potential delivery of F-35 fighter jets, engine procurement, and broader military-technical cooperation with Turkey should not be dismissed as routine diplomatic rhetoric. The core issue
Oil, Power, and the International System: Setting the StageThroughout the twentieth century, oil emerged as one of the most decisive instruments of power in the international system. It was not merely a commodity but a structural pillar underpinning industrial growth,